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Objective:To analyze the HIV-1 subtypes and drug resistance among newly reported HIV/AIDS cases before antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Hangzhou.Methods:Blood samples were collected from newly diagnosed HIV-1/AIDS cases not receiving ART in Hangzhou from 2020 to 2022. HIV-1 pol gene was amplified and then sequenced. A phylogenetic tree was construct using MEGA7.0 software to analyse the HIV-1 subtypes, The sequences were submitted to the Stanford University drug resistance database to identify drug resistance mutation sites and drug sensitivity. Results:A total of 2 700 sequences were obtained. Twelve subtypes were identified, and the predominant subtypes were CRF07_BC (46.8%, 1 263/2 700) and CRF01_AE (34.6%, 933/2 700). The overall drug resistance rate before ART was 8.1% (220/2 700) and the resistance rates to protease inhibitors (PIs), nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) were 2.8% (75/2 700), 1.3% (36/2 700) and 4.4% (119/2 700), respectively. Among the 220 drug-resistant cases, mutations conferring resistance to PIs (Q58E), NRTIs (M184V/I) and NNRTIs (K103N/S and E138A/G/K/Q) were detected in 47 (21.4%), 13 (5.9%), 42 (19.1%) and 41 (18.6%) patients, respectively.Conclusions:HIV-1 genotypes were highly complex in newly reported HIV/AIDS cases in Hangzhou from 2020 to 2022. There were cases showing moderate or high resistance to backbone drugs before ART, indicating that HIV-1 monitoring should be strengthened to avoid treatment failure and reduce the spread of drug-resistant strains.
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The atmospheric particulate matter(PM) is widely regarded as one of major environmentally and unfriendly ambient air pollution, and therein PM2.5 (diameter≤2.5 μm) is most closely related to human health.Because of its smaller diameter with longer suspension duration, PM can absorb many pathogenic microorganisms, and easily enter into the deep of airway and then deposit on the bronchus and alveoli, and it brings damage to the lung tissues and the surfactant proteins.PM can give rise to oxidative stress, inflammation response, cells and DNA damage.Now, this review focuses on the characterization and composition of PM, as well as the impact of PM2.5 on the lung, surfactant proteins and human health, which helps to call for more people to pay attention to this environmental issue in order to better mitigate and prevent the damage caused by PM.
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The atmospheric particulate matter(PM) is widely regarded as one of major environmentally and unfriendly ambient air pollution,and therein PM2.5 (diameter≤2.5 μm) is most closely related to human health.Because of its smaller diameter with longer suspension duration,PM can absorb many pathogenic microorganisms,and easily enter into the deep of airway and then deposit on the bronchus and alveoli,and it brings damage to the lung tissues and the surfactant proteins.PM can give rise to oxidative stress,inflammation response,cells and DNA damage.Now,this review focuses on the characterization and composition of PM,as well as the impact of PM2.5 on the lung,surfactant proteins and human health,which helps to call for more people to pay attention to this environmental issue in order to better mitigate and prevent the damage caused by PM.
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Objective@#To understand the AIDS knowledge,attitudes and practices of freshmen in Hangzhou and to provide evidence for prevention and control of AIDS in university students.@*Methods@#Freshmen who enrolled in 2015 in a comprehensive university in Hangzhou were recruited by convenience sampling method and surveyed by a questionnaire about AIDS knowledge,attitudes and practices. Logistic regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors for awareness of AIDS knowledge among freshmen.@*Results@#There were 1 999 respondents recruited,with a response rate of 95.19%. The awareness rates of basic and extend AIDS knowledge were 97.90% and 30.67%,respectively. The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that residence（OR=1.210,95%CI：1.006-1.456）,average or good family economic status（OR：1.874-3.027,95%CI：1.255-7.300）,receiving AIDS/STD related education（OR=1.717,95%CI：1.407-2.097）and receiving AIDS/STD related counselling in the past year（OR=1.786,95%CI：1.033-3.088）were the promotive factors for awareness of AIDS knowledge among freshmen. About 48.50% of freshmen thought they were impossible to be infected with AIDS,and 47.10% of them thought they were less likely to be infected with AIDS. About 0.90% of freshmen had sexual experience,fifteen,two and one of them experienced their first sex with girlfriend/boyfriend,homosexual partners and casual sex partners,respectively;nine of them used condoms in their first sex. The proportions of receiving AIDS/STD related services among freshmen ranged 2.00% from 37.77%.@*Conclusion@#The freshmen have a poor understanding of AIDS,weak awareness of HIV infection risk,high-risk behaviors for STDS/AIDS and receive insufficient AIDS prevention and intervention measures.
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Objective To describe the characteristics of newly reported HIV/AIDS cases via non-marital or non-commercial heterosexual transmission and to find out the relative factors in Hangzhou,from 2015 to 2017.Methods Data were collected through the national HIV/AIDS comprehensive control and prevention data system.Study subjects would include those reported HIV/AIDS cases who were residents of Hangzhou and were infected via non-marital heterosexual transmission,between January 1,2015 and December 31,2017.Demographic characteristics and behavioral information were collected.x2 test was used to compare different characteristics of the non-married heterosexual transmission subjects.Logistic regression was used to assess factors that associated with non-marital but non-commercial HIV heterosexual transmission with SPSS.20 software used to analyze statistically.Results Non-marital HIV heterosexual transmission accounted for 38.03％ (1 393/3 663) of the total new reported HIV/AIDS cases in 2015-2017.Out of the 1 393 HIV/AIDS cases,those infected through non-marital but non-commercial heterosexual transmission accounted for 50.83％ (708/1 393),and those through non-martial commercial transmission was accounted for 49.17％ (685/1 393).Male to female ratio was 3.51 ∶ 1 (1 084/309).Male HIV cases reported that their major way of infection was via non-marital commercial transmission (670/1 084,61.81％),while female patients reported the way was via non-marital non-commercial (294/309,95.1％).Results from multivariate logistic analysis showed that the related risk factors and ORs for non-marital but non-commercial transmission appeared as:female (aOR=48.25,95％ CI:26.94-88.44),＜30 year olds (aOR=2.43,95％CI:1.3 1-4.5 1),30-39 year olds (aOR=1.92,95％CI:1.11-3.33),40-49 year olds (aOR=1.80,95％ CI:1.08-3.00),married or unmarried (vs.divorced or widowed,aOR=1.57,95％CI:1.10-2.24;aOR=1.78,95％CI:1.15-2.78),high school and above of education level (vs.primary school and under of education level,aOR=1.82,95％ CI:1.18-2.80),administrative officers or employee (vs.farmers,aOR=2.03,95％ CI:1.04-l.91).Number of non-marital partners less than 5 (vs.number of non-marital partners more than 5,aOR=10.65,95％CI:6.41-17.42).Conclusions HIV/AIDS cases with non-marital heterosexual transmission accounted for considerable proportion regarding the HIV transmission in Hangzhou from 2015 to 2017.Differences were found in the following factors as non-marital and non-commercial heterosexual transmission with diverse gender,age,marital status,educational level and occupation among of the HIV/AIDS patients.
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Objective To describe the characteristics of newly reported HIV/AIDS cases via non-marital or non-commercial heterosexual transmission and to find out the relative factors in Hangzhou,from 2015 to 2017.Methods Data were collected through the national HIV/AIDS comprehensive control and prevention data system.Study subjects would include those reported HIV/AIDS cases who were residents of Hangzhou and were infected via non-marital heterosexual transmission,between January 1,2015 and December 31,2017.Demographic characteristics and behavioral information were collected.x2 test was used to compare different characteristics of the non-married heterosexual transmission subjects.Logistic regression was used to assess factors that associated with non-marital but non-commercial HIV heterosexual transmission with SPSS.20 software used to analyze statistically.Results Non-marital HIV heterosexual transmission accounted for 38.03％ (1 393/3 663) of the total new reported HIV/AIDS cases in 2015-2017.Out of the 1 393 HIV/AIDS cases,those infected through non-marital but non-commercial heterosexual transmission accounted for 50.83％ (708/1 393),and those through non-martial commercial transmission was accounted for 49.17％ (685/1 393).Male to female ratio was 3.51 ∶ 1 (1 084/309).Male HIV cases reported that their major way of infection was via non-marital commercial transmission (670/1 084,61.81％),while female patients reported the way was via non-marital non-commercial (294/309,95.1％).Results from multivariate logistic analysis showed that the related risk factors and ORs for non-marital but non-commercial transmission appeared as:female (aOR=48.25,95％ CI:26.94-88.44),＜30 year olds (aOR=2.43,95％CI:1.3 1-4.5 1),30-39 year olds (aOR=1.92,95％CI:1.11-3.33),40-49 year olds (aOR=1.80,95％ CI:1.08-3.00),married or unmarried (vs.divorced or widowed,aOR=1.57,95％CI:1.10-2.24;aOR=1.78,95％CI:1.15-2.78),high school and above of education level (vs.primary school and under of education level,aOR=1.82,95％ CI:1.18-2.80),administrative officers or employee (vs.farmers,aOR=2.03,95％ CI:1.04-l.91).Number of non-marital partners less than 5 (vs.number of non-marital partners more than 5,aOR=10.65,95％CI:6.41-17.42).Conclusions HIV/AIDS cases with non-marital heterosexual transmission accounted for considerable proportion regarding the HIV transmission in Hangzhou from 2015 to 2017.Differences were found in the following factors as non-marital and non-commercial heterosexual transmission with diverse gender,age,marital status,educational level and occupation among of the HIV/AIDS patients.
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Objective To analyze the survival rate of HIV /AIDS patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy(HAART)since the implementation of the national Four Free and One Carepolicy against HIV in Hangzhou.Methods Clinical data of 2370 AIDS patients were collected from National AIDS Comprehensive Treatment Information System Treatment Library from 2004 to 2014.The data, including basic information,viral load,CD4 +T lymphocyte counts,starting time of treatment,WHO clinical stage,infection pathways and follow-up were respectively analyzed.Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards models were used to analyze the survival rate and the factors affecting survival.Results The total follow-up time was 3968.14 person years and 57 patients died in 2370 patients with a mortality rate of 1 .44 /100 person years (57 /3968.14).Kaplan-Meier method showed that the cumulative survival rates of the first,third and fifth year were 98.08%,96.20% and 95.24%,respectively.The overall mortality rate fell from 6.06 /100 person years in 2006 to 1 .44 /100 person years in 2014.The mortality rate of AIDS-related disease declined from 1 .10 /100 person years in 2009 to 0.90 /100 person years in 2014.Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that the risk of death for patients with CD4 +T 200-349 cells/μL was 0.466 times(95%CI 0.246-0.882)as that for patients with CD4 +T cells <200 /μL.The risk of death was 3.408 times(95%CI 1 .365-8.506)in patients aged≥ 50 years,3.788 times(95%CI 1 .645-8.718)in patients aged 40 to <50 years,and 2.593 times(95%CI 1 .139-5.905)in patients aged 30 to 40 years as that in patients aged <30 years.The mortality risk for patients with baseline WHO stage Ⅲ and Ⅳ was 1 .960 times as patients with WHO stage Ⅰ and Ⅱ (95% CI 1 .117-3.439 ).Conclusions Patients with increased age,low CD4 +T counts and baseline WHO stage Ⅲ or Ⅳ are main risk factors affecting survival rate of HIV /AIDS patients,early antiviral therapy is the key for improving the survival rate of patients.
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Objective To evaluate the effects of PM2.5 on the differentiation of splenic CD4 + T lymphocytes in acute asthma mice.Methods (1) Mouse models of acute asthma were established by ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization and challenge.(2) PM2.5 was collected in the urban area of Zhanjiang city under heavy traffic and serious air pollution from total suspended particulate(TSP) mid-flow sampler and multistage particles cutters and the dry powder of PM2.5 was prepared.(3) Specific-pathogen free Balb/c mice,female,at 6 to 8 weeks of age were randomly divided into 8 groups (8 mice each group):a negative control group (NC group),asthma control group (AC group),sensitized mice treated with different doses of PM2.5 groups (SP groups) and asthmatic mice treated with different doses of PM2.5 groups (AP groups).SP groups and AP groups were respectively divided into 3 subgroups according to the dose of PM2.5.The AC group,SP groups and AP groups were sensitized on D0,D7 and D14,and the NC group was treated with NS as controls.The SP1/AP1 group,SP2/AP2 group and SP3/AP3 group were respectively given 50 μL PM2.5 suspension.NC group and AC group were instilled with NS as controls.AC group and AP groups were challenged by aerosol of OVA,and NC group and SP group were treated with NS as controls.Twenty-four hours after last challenge,all the mice were sacrificed,and the percentage of regulatory T cells (Treg),T helper cell type 1 (Th1),Th2 and Th17 of splenic CD4 + T lymphocytes was detected by flow cytometry (FCM).Results (1) An OVA-induced mouse models with acute asthma were successfully established.(2) Comparison of the percentage of Treg of splenic CD4 + T lymphocytes:SP group [(12.28 ± 0.73) ％,(11.93 ± 0.81) ％ and (11.70-± 1.14) ％] and AC group [(12.18 ± 1.00) ％] were lower than that in the NC group[(13.50 ± 0.39) ％] (P ＜ 0.05),AP3 group [(10.58 ± 0.65) ％] was lower than that in the AC group and AP1 group [(11.91 ± 0.79) ％] (P ＜ 0.05).(3) Comparison of the ratio of Th1/Th2 of splenic CD4+ T lymphocyte:SP1 group [(7.74 ± 1.21)％] was higher than that in the NC group [(5.52 ± 1.06) ％] (P ＜0.05),SP2 group[(6.30 ±0.58) ％] was lower than that in the SP1 group(P ＜0.05),SP3 group [(4.87 ± 0.82) ％] was lower than that in the SP2 group (P ＜ 0.05);AC group [(3.69-± 0.47) ％] was lower than that in the NC group and SP3 group (P ＜ 0.05);AP3 group [(2.92 ± 0.57) ％] was lower than that in the AC group(P ＜ 0.05).(4) Comparison of the percentage of Th17 of splenic CD4+ T lymphocyte:AP3 group [(1.46 ± 0.39) ％] was higher than that in the NC group [(0.89 ± 0.24) ％] and the AP2 group [(0.83 ± 0.15) ％] (P ＜ 0.001).Conclusions PM2.5 can inhibit splenic CD4 + T lymphocyte of acute asthma mice differentiation into Treg and Th1,and promote their differentiation into Th2 and Th17,through which aggravates inflammation reactions in the airway.
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Based on force sensing resistor (FSR) sensor, we designed insoles for pressure measurement, which were stable and reliable with a simple structure, and easy to wear and to do outdoor experiments with. So the insoles could be used for gait detection system. The hardware includes plantar pressure sensor array, signal conditioning unit and main circuit unit. The software has the function of data acquisition, signal processing, feature extraction and classification function. We collected 27 groups of gait data of a healthy person based on this system to analyze the data and study pressure distribution under various gait features, i.e., walking on the flat ground, uphill, downhill, up the stairs, and down the stairs. These five gait patterns for pattern recognition and classification by K-nearest neighbors (KNN) recognition algorithm reached up to 90% accuracy. This preliminarily verified the usefulness of the system.
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Humans , Algorithms , Biomechanical Phenomena , Foot , Gait , Pressure , Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted , Software , WalkingABSTRACT
Objective To explore the relationship of protein kinase B1 ( PKB1 ) gene polymorphisms in PI3-K pathway of BDNF and event-related potentials in depression.Methods The design of case-control research was used ,and 91 major depressive patients and 65 normal controls who were made in age and gender matched with patients were measured auditory event-related potential P300 and contingent negative variation ( CNV ) in the day when two groups were collected.Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct DNA sequencing technology were used to detect PKB1 gene polymorphisms.Three SNPs that named rs3001371 ,rs2494738 ,rs1130214 were selected from 3 representative BLOCK Districts of PKB1.Two independent samples t test was used to analysis P300 and CNV between two groups,and the same way to analysis the average level of P300 and CNV and PKB1 SNP genolatency of P2(P＜0.05) and lower amplitude of P3a(P＜0.01 ) ,P3b(P＜0.01 ) and P3 (P＜0.01 ) ;CNV had der had statistical difference (P＜ 0.05 )in PKB1 rs3001371 gene between C/C and C/T genotype combined which included C allele, and T/T genotype.The amplitude of P3a( (5.93 ± 2.35 ) μV, P3b(6.51 ± 3.00) μV, P3 (6.27±2.43) μV) were lower than TT Genotype ( (7.45 ±2.19)μV, (8.63 ±3.57)μV,(8.04 ±2.57)μV,respectively).The mean of CNV indicators were not found different in statistics among the rs3001371 genotypes.Conclusions PKB1 gene rs3001371 polymorphism is associated with the principal component of P300 amplitude in patients with Major depressive disorder which suggest that genetic factors may have a certain impact on cognitive function in the patients with Major depressive disorder.